1944 D PHILIPPINES Ten Centavos United States of America Admn Silver Coin i53806

Description

Item:
i53806
Authentic Coin of:
WORLD COINS, SOUTH ASIA, Philippines
United States Administration
1944D Silver Ten Centavos 16mm  (1.97 grams) .750 Silver
Denver Mint
TWENTY CENTAVOS FILIPINAS, Figure of Liberty, a standing female figure (considered by many to be the  daughter of the designer 'Blanca') in the act of striking the anvil with a  hammer. This was done to show the work being done by Americans in building a  better Philippines. On the right side (background) there is a simmering volcano,  Mt. Mayon, topped with smoke rings.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA D 1944, Eagle with open wings standing atop shield.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured,  provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of  Authenticity.
The
Elections for the Members of the Philippine Assembly
were held in  the
Philippines
on July 30, 1907 pursuant to the
Philippine Organic Act of 1902
in where it  prescribed the establishment of a bicameral legislature composed of the
Philippine Commission
(Upper House) and the
Philippine Assembly
(Lower House) in where the  members of the Philippine Assembly would have elections after the publication of  the Census of the Philippines which was done in 1903.
Formation of  political parties
Federalistas, Independistas and Union Nacionalistas
After the conclusion of the
Philippine-American War
(then known as the  "Philippine Insurrection"),
William Howard Taft
and a
United States Congress
delegation arrived in  the country and assessed the situation. The
Philippine Assembly
was subsequently created in  1902 by the
Philippine Organic Act of 1902
.
By then, divisions were created between those who advocated statehood within  the United States (the Federalistas) and those who advocated independence (the  Independistas). The opposition against American rule were unable to mount a  united front for the
1906 local elections
, with only the Comitė de  Intereses Filipinos presenting a united, yet limited, organization that sought  to influence the elections. By mid-1906, those in opposition to American rule  began organizing themselves into political parties.
The merger of the Comitė de la Union Nacional and the Partido Popular  Independista created the Partido de la Union Nacionalista. The Union  Nacionalistas deferred the hardline path and instead settled in an evolutionary  position. Meanwhile, the Independistas urged on a platform of immediate  independence from the U.S. After failing to broker a deal with the Independistas,  the Union Nacionalista proposed a merger with the Federalistas.
Juan Sumulong
, who led the Federalistas,  advocated a radical policy, more in line with the "conservative" wing of the  Union Nacionalistas led by
Rafael Palma
. The Federalistas consulted  Governor-General
James Francis Smith
, who then sought to advice  of Taft on the matter. Both Smith and Taft opposed the union, with Smith saying  to Sumulong that a fusion will "result in the complete obliteration of the  conservative element as a political actor in the community." The refusal of  Federalistas reopened talks between the Union Nacionalista and the  Independistas.
The Independistas organized themselves in January 1907 with a leadership  election. To prevent further split,
Alberto Barretto
and
Justo Lukban
were elected co-leaders of the  party. The election of
Fernando Guerrero
,
Sergio Osmeña
,
Teodoro Sandiko
and
Isauro Gabaldon
as counselors marked the first  time that a Manila-based political group established links with provincial  leaders.
The  Nacionalistas and the Progresistas
In late January, the Federalistas organized themselves into a new name,  Partido Nacional Progresista and launched a campaign to win seats in provinces  around Manila. The nationalist-leaning groups launched negotiations to present a  unified slate in the elections; Meanwhile, Palma insisted on having the word "Immediata"  (immediate) to the party name of the proposed merger of the Union Nacionalistas  and the Independistas. On March 12, 1907, the Union Nacionalista and the  Independistas merged to form the
Partido Nacionalista
.
While the Nacionalistas will have a rotating leadership, the manner of  selection of the candidates was a source of major dispute and the party  convention at the
Manila Grand Opera House
ended in disarray. The  Progresistas, on the other hand, dropped Federal from the party name seeing that  the word had outlived its usefulness and had changed their name to Partido  Nacional Progresista (National Progressive Party).
Campaign
While the Nacionalistas were in disarray, the Progresistas orchestrated a  well-organized "popular assembly". The Progresistas established networks on  local strongmen on already associated with the Nacionalistas; however, they were  only able to field candidates in half of the districts in Central and  southwestern Luzon. The Progresistas were unable to recruit supporters even in  places were a Progresista is in office, save for
Tarlac
. In Manila, the Progresistas resorted to  encouraging Americans to register and vote for them. However, the Federalistas  were able to field in candidates in far-flung areas in Visayas and Mindanao.
While the Progresistas were having a hard time on increasing their ranks,  they instead relied on a strategy that will ensure the defeat of Nacionalistas  candidates that will oppose Progresista policies.
The Nacionalistas split their ranks when Guerrero and Lukban, members of the  old Independista group were dropped from the ticket in favor of
Dominador Gomez
and
Felipe del Pan
. Quezon, brokered a deal that  set a party convention that will settle candidacies but it was never convened;  Gomez and del Pan remain the official candidates for the "regular" Nacionalistas.  Guerrero and Lukban ultimately set up the Liga Nacional Independecia whose sole  purpose is to contest 1907 elections.
The Progresistas led by
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
, on the other hand,  opposed "immediate" independence. The reception at Progresista political rallies  were from lukewarm to hostile, with people heckling "Hang them, kill them".
On election day, the Partido Nacionalista, with its national organization in  disarray, was able to field a candidate in 68 of the 80 districts.
Results
e
•
d
Summary  of the 30 July 1907
Philippine Assembly
election results
Parties and coalitions
Popular vote
Seats won
Total
%
Total
%
Nacionalista
34,277
35.2%
59
73.8%
Progresista
23,234
23.9%
16
20.0%
Independents
22,878
23.5%
4
5.0%
Other (incl. Catholic)
16,862
17.3%
1
1.3%
Total
97,251
100.0%
80
100.0%
Source:
Philippine Legislatures: 100  Years
by Cesar Pobre
Aftermath
Main article:
1st Philippine Legislature
While the candidates representing the Nacionalistas won majority of the seats  in the assembly, the maneuvering to the election for the
Speaker of the Assembly
began, as the Speaker  would be the most powerful Filipino in government. Quezon and Osmeña focused on  aggregating the delegates around Osmeña's leadership, a task that became easier  than the two had anticipated. With less than two dozen delegates, the  Progresistas won't be able to elect a Speaker from their ranks and were  marginalized from the talks amongst the Nacionalistas. Osmeña found two  opponents for the Speakership: Gomez who defeated Lukban by 31 votes, and
Pedro Paterno
. However, Gomez's citizenship was  questioned, and Paterno found himself to be Osmeña's leading opponent.
Gomez was found to be a Spanish citizen and a new election for his seat was  called. Gomez still ran in the election and beat Lukban by a larger margin,  about 400 votes. Gomez was permitted to take his seat, but not after seven  months has passed, and after Osmeña was elected Speaker on October 16, 1907,  with Quezon as the majority floor leader.
The defeat of the Progresistas in the elections hastened their downfall; the  Nacionalista Party will continue to dominate the elections for the legislature,  and the Progresistas, and later their successor the Democratas, will remain in  opposition.
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